Ukufa kancane kwezinhlangano ezibalulekile ezilwela inkululeko eNingizimu Afrika

IQEMBU elibusayo eNingizimu Afrika, i-African National Congress (ANC) – okuyiqembu elidala kunawo wonke elilwela inkululeko – sekungokokuqala ngqa kusukela ngokhetho lwentando yabantu ngo-1994 – lehle ngaphansi kuka-50% okhethweni lohulumeni basekhaya ngemuva kokulahlekelwa okukhulu, phakathi kokunganeliseki kwabantu kanye nabavoti abakhulu. ukunganaki.

Ukhetho lomasipala baseNingizimu Afrika lwango-2021 lwabanjwa mhla lu-1 kuLwezi ukuze kukhethwe imikhandlu yabo bonke omasipala basekhaya nabamadolobha amakhulu ezweni lonke. Bekungokwesithupha ukhetho lomasipala selokhu kwaphela ubandlululo ngo-1994. Ngokwekhomishana yokhetho eNingizimu Afrika, izinga lokwesekwa kwe-ANC kuzwelonke lehla lisuka ku-53.91% okhethweni lwango-2016, ngesikhathi ukwehla kwalo ngesivinini, lafinyelela ku-46.04% kulo nyaka. ukwenza okubi kunakho konke okhethweni lwentando yeningi kusukela kwaphela ubandlululo ngo-1994.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-ANC ilahlekelwe futhi yehluleka ukuthola ukulawula kweningi lamadolobha amakhulu, okuhlanganisa isizinda sezohwebo eGoli, okuhlanganisa i-Ekurhuleni ehlukene, iTshwane (okuhlanganisa inhlokodolobha iPitoli), iKapa kanye neTheku. Bekunemikhandlu elengayo engama-66. Ukwesekwa kweqembu eliphikisayo kuzwelonke iDemocratic Alliance (DA) nakho kwehlile kusuka ku-26.9% kuya ku-21.84%.

Elinye iqembu eliphikisayo, i-Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), lithole amavoti angu-10.42%. Komasipala abangu-213, i-ANC ithole omasipala abangu-161. I-DA ithole angu-13, kwathi Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) yathola angu-10. Emametro ayisishiyagalombili, i-DA yanqoba eKapa, ​​kwathi i-ANC ilawula iMangaung neBuffalo City.

Alikho iqembu elithole ngaphezu kuka-50% kwamanye amadolobha amakhulu amahlanu. Lolu khetho belugqame ngokunganaki. Kubavoti abangu-26.1 million, bangu-12.3 million kuphela abavotile. Ethula inkulumo yakhe esizweni ngesikhathi kumenyezelwa imiphumela, uMengameli uCyril Ramaphosa uthe amaqembu ezombusazwe angu-325, abangenele ukhetho abacela ku-95 000 kanye nabazimele abangaphezu kuka-1 500 ababambe iqhaza okhethweni.

 “Lokhu kuwuphawu lokuthi ipolitiki yamaqembu amaningi iyadlondlobala eNingizimu Afrika, nokuthi wonke umuntu unethuba elilinganayo nethuba lokungenela izikhundla zomphakathi,” usho kanje.

Umphumela wokhetho ukhale wemuka ne-ANC ekhaya nasezifundeni. Nakuba leli qembu lisalawula ngaphezu kuka-50% wezihlalo zephalamende zezwe, ukwehla kwalo ezihlalweni ezimbili zilandelana, nokwehla emazingeni angakaze abonwe, akulethe ukugqama okukhulu, hhayi nje ukudumala kwalo, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, isimo samanje samaqembu alwela inkululeko. eningizimu ye-Afrika. Akuyona i-ANC kuphela esenkingeni kulesi sifunda.

Iqembu laseBotswana Democratic Party liwine ngo-53% okhethweni lukazwelonke olwedlule ngo-2019, lisuka ku-46.45% ngo-2014. Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi leli qembu elibusa kusukela izwe lathola inkululeko ngo-1966 alisawakhuzi amaqembu amakhulu elaliwathokozela kudala.

 E-Namibia, uMongameli u-Hage Geingob ngo-2019 waphinde wakhethwa ngokwehla okukhulu ngama-31% ekusekelweni kwakhe; ivoti lakhe lehle lisuka ku-87% ngo-2014 laya ku-56%, okuyimbuyiselo ephansi kunazo zonke kwe-Swapo yomuntu ongenele ukhetho lukamongameli emlandweni. ISwapo iphinde yagcina iningi layo eSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke, kodwa yalahlekelwa ngamanani amakhulu amabili kwezintathu.

EZambia, i-United National Independence Party (Unip) kaKenneth Kaunda yashona ngo-1990. Yasungulwa ngo-1959 ngaphansi kweMainza Chona ngesikhathi uKaunda esejele, i-Unip yabusa kusukela ngo-1964 kuya ku-1991 ngaphansi kukaKaunda ngesikhathi kuyiyona yodwa inhlangano esemthethweni phakathi kuka-1973 no-1990.

Ekupheleni kuka-1990, umbuso wentando yeningi wamaqembu amaningi waphinde wabuyiswa, futhi i-Unip, eyayijabulele ukunqoba okuqinisekisiwe ngaphansi kombuso weqembu elilodwa kusukela ngo-1973, yahlulwa ngokuphelele okhethweni lukazwelonke lwango-1991 yi-Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). UKaunda wehlulwe evotini likamongameli nguFrederick Chiluba owayengenele ukhetho lwe-MMD, ethola amavoti angama-24% kuphela, kwathi okhethweni lweSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke i-Unip yathola izihlalo ezingama-25 kwezingu-125 ze-MMD ekubhidlikeni okumangalisayo kwenhlangano elwela inkululeko.

Kulandela izinguquko kumthethosisekelo owavimbela uKaunda ukuthi aphinde angenele ukhetho lokuba ngumengameli, i-Unip yaluduba ukhetho lwango-1996, nakuba amalungu amabili ayengenele izihlalo zePhalamende Likazwelonke. Iqembu labuya ukuzongenela ukhetho lwango-2001 indodana kaKaunda, uTilyenji, yaqokwa njengomengameli. Uthole u-10% wamavoti, walala endaweni yesine kwabangu-11.

 Okhethweni lwesigungu sikazwelonke, iqembu lathola izihlalo eziyi-13. Ngaphambi kokhetho lwango-2006, leli qembu lahlangana ne-United Democratic Alliance lihambisana namanye amaqembu amabili amakhulu aphikisayo. Umholi we-United Party for National Development (UPND) uHakainde Hichilema nguyena obengenele ukhetho lukamongameli kulo mfelandawonye, ​​ephume isithathu. Lo mfelandawonye wathola izihlalo ezingu-26 nje kuphela esigungwini sikazwelonke, sehle sisuka kwezingu-74 la maqembu amathathu awina ngo-2001.

 I-Unip ayizange ingenele okhethweni lokuchibiyela lukamongameli lwango-2008, kodwa yaqoka u-Tilyenji njengongenele ukhetho lukamongameli okhethweni lwango-2011; uthole amavoti angaphansi kwe-1%, walala endaweni yesithupha emkhakheni wabantu abayi-10. Iqembu liphinde lahluleka wukuthola isihlalo esigungwini sikazwelonke, lathola kuphela u-0.7% wamavoti.

U-Tilyenji wangenela ukhetho lukamongameli lwango-2015, kodwa waphinde wathola ngaphansi kwe-1% yamavoti. Uqhubeke nokuba ngumengameli weqembu okhethweni lukazwelonke lwango-2016, kodwa wathola kuphela u-0.24% wamavoti, iqembu laphinde lahluleka ukuthola isihlalo eSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke. Kuthe okhethweni lukamongameli lwalo nyaka, i-Unip yafaka uTrevor Mwamba wathola u-0.06% wamavoti. U-Hichilema uqokwe njengomengameli.

Le ndaba ikhombisa ukufa okubuhlungu kwenhlangano yenkululeko. Ngo-1994, i-Malawi Congress Party ka-Hastings Kamuzu Banda, eyabusa izwe kusukela ekutholeni inkululeko ngo-1966 kuya ku-1993 njengelona lodwa iqembu, yaxoshwa yi-United Democratic Front (UDF).

Owayengumengameli wezwe uBanda wehlulwa nguBakili Muluzi we-UDF. Phakathi kuka-1994 no-2020, iqembu likaBanda lagqugquzelwa ehlane lezombusazwe kwaze kwaba yilapho uMengameli uLazarus Chakwera elibuyisela esikhundleni ngonyaka odlule ngemuva kokuba inkantolo inqume ukuba luphinde lwenziwe ukhetho. EKenya, iKenya African National Union, eyayiphethe kusukela ngo-1963 kuya ku-2002, yanqotshwa. Ukhetho lokuqala lwamaqembu amaningi eMozambique lwabanjwa ngo-1994 ngemva kokuphela kwempi yombango ngo-1992.

Ukhetho lukazwelonke lube ngo-1999, 2004, 2009, 2014 kanye no-2019 – bonke banqotshwa inhlangano yangaphambili yenkululeko iFrelimo. Lolu khetho luvame ukuphazanyiswa ukuduba nodlame, kanye nezinsolo zokukhwabanisa nenkohlakalo ezibhekiswe eqenjini elibusayo. Ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni nakho bekuphansi, kwehle kwafinyelela kuma-45% ngaphambilini.

IFrelimo yawina ngamalengiso ngo-2019, kodwa umbango oqhubekayo ungase unyakazise amandla eqembu kubavoti. E-Tanzania, i-Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) iseyiqembu elibusayo elibusayo futhi iyiqembu lesibili elibuse isikhathi eside e-Afrika, ngemva kweQembu Le-True Whig lase-Liberia.

Okhethweni lwango-2020, umengameli ongasekho uJohn Magufuli, elandelwa uMengameli uSamia Suluhu Hassan, uthole amavoti angu-12.5 million – noma u-85% – kwathi imbangi yakhe enkulu uTundu Lissu weqembu le-Chadema, wathola amavoti angu-1.9 million, noma u-13%. I-CCM isenamandla, kodwa ubukhosi bayo buphikiswa.

I-MPLA ebusayo e-Angola ngo-2017 yawina ukhetho lukazwelonke, yathatha amavoti angama-61.07%, okubone uJoão Lourenço elandela u-José Eduardo dos Santos ehola umnotho wesithathu ngobukhulu e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara. Ngenkathi i-MPLA iphumelele kakhulu, iqembu elikhulu eliphikisayo iNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Unita) lithole u-26.67%, kwathi iqembu eliphikisayo elincane iCasa-Ce lathola u-9.44%. Okuhlangenwe nakho kweZimbabwe nakho kuyaphoqa.

 Ibandla elibusayo eleZanu PF – elanqotshwa ngokhetho luka2008, kodwa lasindiswa nguhulumende womanyano welizwe – lilokhu libusa ngengcindezelo egoqela udlakela, udlakela kanye lokubulalana, inkohlakalo kanye lokuphathisa abantu. Lanxa ibandla leZanu PF belidume kakhulu, eminyakeni edluleyo liyehluleka ukusekela ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kobuholi bayo, imigomo kanye nokubusa ngesikhathi kubusa umuyi uRobert Mugabe.

 Yakhe kabusha kuphela ngesihluku nokwesatshiswa. Kusukela ngomnyaka ka 2000, ibandla leZanu PF lanqotshwa emadolobheni amakhulu kanye lemadolobheni aphikisayo eleMDC, layidingisela emaphandleni.

I-ANC kuleli sonto yehle ngaphansi kuka-50% yaphinde yahluleka ukulawula amadolobha amakhulu eNingizimu Afrika okhethweni lomasipala bakuleliya lizwe, nokubhalisa ukusebenza kwayo kabi kakhulu okhethweni kusukela ekupheleni kobandlululo ngo-1994. ukuba semthethweni kwabo ukuphatha ngomzabalazo wezikhali unomphela.

Kodwa, eqinisweni, bawusungule kabusha umlando – ngokugcizelela ngokukhethekile umzabalazo wezikhali – ukuze banikeze ukufaneleka okungokomlando nobumbano ukuze kuliwe nezinsongo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zoguquko lwabo lwentando yeningi okuthiwa lukazwelonke.

Imibutho elwela inkululeko yavuka eningizimu ye-Afrika engxenyeni yesibili yekhulunyaka lama-20 ukuze ilwele ukuphela kobukoloniyali, ukubusa kwabamhlophe abambalwa kanye nokuxhashazwa kwezomnotho, zonke zihlanganyela ngobuzwe base-Afrika kanye nemibono yezenhlalakahle.

 Emashumini amathathu noma ngaphezulu eminyaka kamuva, abanye basalokhu bephethe, kodwa kancane kancane balahlekelwa ukwesekwa emiphakathini emisha neshintshayo efuna amakhono, ukulethwa kanye nokuziphendulela okwengeziwe. Amaqembu ayenezici ezifanayo: wonke ayeyizinhlangano zobuzwe base-Afrika, wonke amukela imibono kaMarxist futhi ehileleke emzabalazweni wezikhali wokulwa nabacindezeli abamhlophe.

Naphezu kokuba nezimo ezifanayo, imizabalazo, izinhloso zobuzwe kanye nemibono yezenhlalakahle, isikhathi sabo sokubusa sihlanganise namaqiniso ahlukene. Nokho usongo oluvamile ukuthi labo abanciphayo noma asebephelelwe amandla bahlulekile ukufeza izimfuno zabantu.

Bathunjwa abantu abayizicukuthwane ababese behlanganyela impango futhi bafune ukuzikhiqiza kabusha ukuze baqinisekise ukuzivikela, kuyilapho behlukanisa abantu abahambayo futhi bangazihlanganisi nepolitiki nokuvota.

Nakanjani lokhu kube yisimo esivela eZambia, Malawi, Kenya, Zimbabwe namanje iNingizimu Afrika ngezindlela ezahlukene. Sekunesikhathi eside esetshenziselwa ukubusa okungenakuphikiswa, izinhlangano zenkululeko zinezinguquko ezibalulekile okufanele zenziwe ukuze zifinyelele inselele yenkathi entsha. Nokho bangase babe nefasitela elilinganiselwe kuphela lapho bangenza khona futhi bazisungulele kabusha, noma bavele bafe